In Europe during 1800’s… Nationalism & Enlightenment philosophy Vs. Monarchies/Old Established Regimes Russia Tsar Romanovs - Czar Nicholas II Very Rural society Emerging industry ----------> Russia is horribly losing in the war. Poverty 1905 Revolution FAIL, bloody Sunday, Czar claims to institute reforms, never happens. March 1917 Moderate, overthrow the czar. “Soviets” = provisional assemblies + Duma. Take power. Provisional govt headed by Alexander Kerensky.