Notes on Last Chapter

May 11, 2011

Bio

An enzyme that destroys acetylcholine and helps regulate muscle contraction.
Acetylcholinesterase
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Serotonin
Your Answer: Acetylcholinesterase
Correct Answer: Acetylcholinesterase
Points: 1

An electrical signal that travels along an axon, from a neuron to another neuron, a muscle cell, or a gland cell.
Action potential
Synapse
Neurotransmitter
Dendrite
Your Answer: Action potential
Correct Answer: Action potential
Points: 1

Shrink or decrease in size, as in a muscle.
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Depolarization
Peristalsis
Your Answer: Atrophy
Correct Answer: Atrophy
Points: 1

The involuntary branch of the peripheral nervous system consisting of the sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons.
Autonomic nervous system
Central nervous system
Afferent nervous system
Motor nervous system
Your Answer: Autonomic nervous system
Correct Answer: Autonomic nervous system
Points: 1

The part of an organism's nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord and coordinates all nervous activity.
Peripheral nervous system
Central nervous system
Parasympathetic neurons
Sympathetic neurons
Your Answer: Central nervous system
Correct Answer: Central nervous system
Points: 1

A branched projection from a neuron that receives signals from the external environment or from other neurons.
Receptor
Dendrite
Synapse
Myelin sheath
Your Answer: Dendrite
Correct Answer: Dendrite
Points: 1

Peripheral neuron taking information away from the central nervous system; includes motor and autonomic neurons.
Afferent neuron
Efferent neuron
Sensory neuron
Synapse
Your Answer: Efferent neuron
Correct Answer: Efferent neuron
Points: 1

"White" muscle fiber used for brief, powerful movements; metabolism is anaerobic and they have relatively weak endurance.
Smooth muscle fibers
Slow twitch muscle fibers
Fast twitch muscle fibers
Rough muscle fibers
Your Answer: Fast twitch muscle fibers
Correct Answer: Fast twitch muscle fibers
Points: 1

Increase in size, as in a muscle.
Peristalsis
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Active transport
Your Answer: Hypertrophy
Correct Answer: Hypertrophy
Points: 1

An extracellular fluid that surrounds and bathes cells; consists mainly of water and also contains nutrients, raw materials, and waste products.
Intracellular fluid
Cytoplasm
Interstitial fluid
Cytosol
Your Answer: Interstitial fluid
Correct Answer: Interstitial fluid
Points: 1

A group of neurons bundled together with connective tissue.
Dendrite
Synapse
Neurotransmitter
Nerve
Your Answer: Nerve
Correct Answer: Nerve
Points: 1

Network of cells (neurons), present in all multicellular animals other than sponges, that collects information about the organism's internal and external environments, processes that information, and sends signals to muscles and glands in response to the information.
Endocrine system
Circulatory system
Respiratory system
Nervous system
Your Answer: Nervous system
Correct Answer: Nervous system
Points: 1

Drug that affects the nervous system.
Myosin
Tetanus
Enzyme
Neurotoxin
Your Answer: Neurotoxin
Correct Answer: Neurotoxin
Points: 1

A chemical of the nervous system that transmits signals to adjacent cells.
Ion
Enzyme
Interstitial fluid
Neurotransmitter
Your Answer: Neurotransmitter
Correct Answer: Neurotransmitter
Points: 1

The part of an organism's nervous system that transmits information to and from the central nervous system; includes the afferent (or sensory) neurons and efferent (or motor and autonomic) neurons.
Peripheral nervous system
Central nervous system
Sympathic neurons
Parasympathetic neurons
Your Answer: Peripheral nervous system
Correct Answer: Peripheral nervous system
Points: 1

The study of the internal functions of organisms.
Physiology
Ecology
Genetics
Biogeography
Your Answer: Physiology
Correct Answer: Physiology
Points: 1

Antidepressant medications (including Prozac and Zoloft) that block serotonin from being reabsorbed and recycled by the cells (neurons) that released it, prolonging its effect. The net result for the individual is generally an elevated mood, because of serotonin's prolonged stay in the synapse.
Alkaloids
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Tetrotodoxins
Endorphins
Your Answer: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Correct Answer: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Points: 1

A neurotransmitter used especially in the brain; produces feelings of contentment and satiation when released.
Acetylcholine
Serotonin
Glutamate
Acetylcholinesterase
Your Answer: Serotonin
Correct Answer: Serotonin
Points: 1

A type of muscle tissue, usually attached to bones, that is responsible for generating most of the movement in animals; accounts for about 40% of human body weight and has a striped appearance. Also called voluntary muscle.
Smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Rough muscle
Your Answer: Skeletal muscle
Correct Answer: Skeletal muscle
Points: 1

Part of the autonomic nervous system associated with stress or exercise.
Parasympathetic neuron
Sympathetic neuron
Motor neuron
Afferent neuron
Your Answer: Sympathetic neuron
Correct Answer: Sympathetic neuron
Points: 1

How do the electrical signals that initiate cellular contraction pass between cardiac muscle cells?
Electrical signals pass through short nerve cells between cardiac cells.
Electrical signals are moved cell to cell through slow, rhythmic contractions.
Electrical signals in the form of moving ions pass through gap junctions.
Electrical signals pass through protein filaments that connect cells together.
Your Answer: Electrical signals pass through protein filaments that connect cells together.
Correct Answer: Electrical signals in the form of moving ions pass through gap junctions.
Points: 1

Each neuron has two different extensions from its main central body, these are called the:
axons and synapses.
synapses and dendrites.
dendrites and axons.
nerves and axons.
Your Answer: dendrites and axons.
Correct Answer: dendrites and axons.
Points: 1

Which of the following is NOT true about a synapse?
it can be a connecting point to a gland that secretes a hormone
it can be a connecting point to another neuron
it can be a connecting point to a muscle
All of these are true about a synapse.
Your Answer: All of these are true about a synapse.
Correct Answer: All of these are true about a synapse.
Points: 1

Which of the following is NOT a type of neurotransmitter?
dopamine
acetylcholine
serotonin
caffeine
Your Answer: caffeine
Correct Answer: caffeine
Points: 1

When action potentials spread through a muscle fiber and causes a minimum unit of contraction, this is called a:
spasm.
pulse.
flex.
twitch.
Your Answer: twitch.
Correct Answer: twitch.

Largest artery that delivers blood from the left ventricle to the systemic circuit.
Aorta
Arteriole
Atrium
Vena cava
Your Answer: Aorta
Correct Answer: Aorta
Points: 1

Smaller blood vessels that branch from arteries.
Arteriole
Veins
Platelets
Atria
Your Answer: Arteriole
Correct Answer: Arteriole
Points: 1

A chamber of the heart that collects blood returning from the lungs or the rest of the body.
Atrium
Ventricle
Vena cava
Aorta
Your Answer: Vena cava
Correct Answer: Atrium
Points: 1

A type of sensory neuron that monitors blood pressure.
Baroreceptor
Endothelial cell
Sympathetic neuron
Parasympathetic neuron
Your Answer: Baroreceptor
Correct Answer: Baroreceptor
Points: 1

Tiny blood vessels that bring blood close enough to cells to allow the diffusion of molecules into and out of the blood.
Arteries
Capillary
Veins
Atria
Your Answer: Capillary
Correct Answer: Capillary
Points: 1

Blood clots that form in the large veins. These can be caused by inactivity, which lets blood pool in the veins.
Edemas
Deep vein thromboses
Anemia
Myocardial infarctions
Your Answer: Deep vein thromboses
Correct Answer: Deep vein thromboses
Points: 1

The second blood pressure reading; a measure of the force that blood exerts on the artery walls while the heart is between beats
Systolic pressure
Diastolic pressure
Hematocrit
Cardiac output
Your Answer: Diastolic pressure
Correct Answer: Diastolic pressure
Points: 1

Passive transport in which a particle (the solute) is dissolved in a gas or liquid (the solvent) and moves from an area of higher solute concentration to an area of lower solute concentration. Animals without specialized circulatory systems (like jellyfish and other cnidarians) can use this to deliver oxygen and remove waste from cells.
Closed circulatory system
Open circulatory system
Diffusion
Systemic circuit
Your Answer: Diffusion
Correct Answer: Diffusion
Points: 1

A type of cell that forms the innermost lining of blood vessels.
Myocardial cell
Baroreceptor
Endothelial cell
Autorhythmic cell
Your Answer: Endothelial cell
Correct Answer: Endothelial cell
Points: 1

A junction between adjacent animal cells in the form of a pore in each of the plasma membranes surrounded by a protein that links the two cells and acts like a channel between them to allow materials to pass between the cells. Myocardial (heart) cells are linked by a _______________________, which allows action potentials to move through the heart muscle.
sinoatrial node
capillary
gap junction
systemic circuit
Your Answer: gap junction
Correct Answer: gap junction
Points: 1

A muscular pump that, with each contraction, propels blood at high pressure to lungs, gills, or other body organs and tissues.
Aorta
Kidney
Heart
Pulmonary circuit
Your Answer: Heart
Correct Answer: Heart
Points: 1

The proportion of blood that is made up from red blood cells; determined by spinning a blood sample in a centrifuge.
Hemolymph
Hemoglobin
Hematocrit
Edema
Your Answer: Hematocrit
Correct Answer: Hematocrit
Points: 1

Heart muscle cell
Baroreceptor
Endothelial cell
White blood cell
Myocardial cell
Your Answer: Endothelial cell
Correct Answer: Myocardial cell
Points: 1

Part of the autonomic nervous system associated with being rested and well fed.
Systemic circuit
Sympathetic nervous system
Pulmonary circuit
Parasympathetic nervous system
Your Answer: Parasympathetic nervous system
Correct Answer: Parasympathetic nervous system
Points: 1

The liquid part of blood, containing dissolved blood, containing dissolved metabolites and wastes, salts and ions, and proteins that transport lipids, vitamins, and other chemicals to the tissues where they are required.
Red blood cells
Platelet
Hemoglobin
Plasma
Your Answer: Plasma
Correct Answer: Plasma
Points: 1

The "lie detector" test; measures breathing rate, sweat gland activity, and heart rate to evaluate whether an individual is telling the truth. (These are the same reactions triggered by the "fight or flight" response in a person.)
Cardiac output
Monograph
Hematocrit
Polygraph
Your Answer: Polygraph
Correct Answer: Polygraph
Points: 1

Hemoglobin-containing, oxygen-transporting blood cells, the most common type of blood cell. Also called erythrocytes.
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Capillaries
Your Answer: Red blood cells
Correct Answer: Red blood cells
Points: 1

Part of the autonomic nervous system associated with stress or exercise.
Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Systemic circuit
Pulmonary circuit
Your Answer: Sympathetic nervous system
Correct Answer: Sympathetic nervous system
Points: 1

A chamber of the heart from which blood is pumped to the lungs, gills, or the rest of the body.
Atrium
Ventricle
Pulmonary circuit
Systemic circuit
Your Answer: Ventricle
Correct Answer: Ventricle
Points: 1

Fish have a closed circulatory system that is unique among other complex vertebrates. Which of the following is NOT an aspect of the fish's circulatory system?
The blood only flows through the heart once per circuit.
All of these are correct.
The fish's heart has two chambers: one atrium (blood in) and one ventricle (blood out).
Blood movement through the gills is the slowest because this is where gas exchange occurs.
Your Answer: The fish's heart has two chambers: one atrium (blood in) and one ventricle (blood out).
Correct Answer: All of these are correct.
Points: 1

Why does the electrical impulse that simulates heart contraction first travels down to the bottom of the heart, and then stimulates contraction from the bottom of the ventricles upwards?
Blood needs to be squeezed upwards from the ventricles into the atria.
Blood needs to be squeezed out of the ventricles upwards into the pulmonary and aortic arteries.
It helps to squeeze blood out of the heart into the veins.
It ensures that all parts of the heart contract all at once.
Your Answer: Blood needs to be squeezed out of the ventricles upwards into the pulmonary and aortic arteries.
Correct Answer: Blood needs to be squeezed out of the ventricles upwards into the pulmonary and aortic arteries.
Points: 1

Which of the following organisms has an open circulatory system?
humans
flatworms
grasshoppers
frogs
Your Answer: grasshoppers
Correct Answer: grasshoppers
Points: 1

Deoxygenated blood enters the heart through what vessels?
carotid
aorta
vena cavae
pulmonary vein
Your Answer: pulmonary vein
Correct Answer: vena cavae
Points: 1

Blood travels into the _________________ through the _____________.
right ventricle; pulmonary artery
left ventricle; aorta
right atrium; vena cava
left atrium; aorta
Your Answer: right atrium; vena cava
Correct Answer: right atrium; vena cava
Points: 1

The main function of platelets in the blood is to:
act as hormones to deliver chemical messages.
engulf and destroy disease-causing microorganisms.
limit blood loss.
regulate growth and development.
Your Answer: limit blood loss.
Correct Answer: limit blood loss.

Sac-like gas exchange surface of the lungs
Alveoli
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Trachea
Your Answer: Alveoli
Correct Answer: Alveoli
Points: 1

Ability of one molecule to bind with another. For example, hemoglobin has a much higher affinity for carbon monoxide than oxygen, such that carbon monoxide will bind with hemoglobin first and prevent oxygen from being transported in the bloodstream.
Binding affinity
Diffusion
Expiration
Inspiration
Your Answer: Binding affinity
Correct Answer: Binding affinity
Points: 1

First two branches of the airway from the trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Vena cava
Your Answer: Bronchi
Correct Answer: Bronchi
Points: 1

Small branches of the airway originating from the bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Trachea
Capillaries
Your Answer: Bronchioles
Correct Answer: Bronchioles
Points: 1

A large sheet of muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity, allowing for increased volume when contracted during inspiration.
Diaphragm
Cardiac muscle
Trachea
Thorax
Your Answer: Diaphragm
Correct Answer: Diaphragm
Points: 1

This is a long-term, progressive disease of the�lungs�that primarily causes shortness of breath. In people with this disease, the tissues necessary to support the physical shape and function of the lungs are destroyed.
Hypoxia
Emphysema
Myocardial infarction
Cancer
Your Answer: Emphysema
Correct Answer: Emphysema
Points: 1

A hormone that controls the production of red blood cells.
Erythrocyte
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Hematocrit
Myoglobin
Your Answer: Erythropoietin (EPO)
Correct Answer: Erythropoietin (EPO)
Points: 1

Exhaling air out of the lungs
Inspiration
Expiration
Diffusion
Binding affinity
Your Answer: Expiration
Correct Answer: Expiration
Points: 1

"White" muscle fiber used for brief, powerful movements; metabolism is glycolysis/anaerobic and these fibers have relatively weak endurance.
Slow twitch muscle fibers
Fast twitch muscle fibers
Intercostal muscles
Cardiac muscle
Your Answer: Fast twitch muscle fibers
Correct Answer: Fast twitch muscle fibers
Points: 1

Organs in fishes and other aquatic animals in which gases are exchanged between water and blood capillaries.
Tracheas
Bronchioles
Gills
Diaphragms
Your Answer: Gills
Correct Answer: Gills
Points: 1

The proportion of blood that is made up from red blood cells; determined by spinning a blood sample in a centrifuge.
Hypoxia
Hemoglobin
Hematocrit
Diffusion
Your Answer: Hematocrit
Correct Answer: Hematocrit
Points: 1

An oxygen-carrying protein molecule in red blood cells.
Alveoli
Hematocrit
Hemoglobin
Hypoxia
Your Answer: Hemoglobin
Correct Answer: Hemoglobin
Points: 1

Very low oxygen levels
Expiration
Muchopoxia
Hypoxia
Thoracic
Your Answer: Hypoxia
Correct Answer: Hypoxia
Points: 1

Muscles controlling movements of the rib cage
Cardiac muscles
Diaphragm
Intercostal muscles
Smooth muscles
Your Answer: Diaphragm
Correct Answer: Intercostal muscles
Points: 1

Internal organs in most land vertebrates, with highly branched, moist respiratory surfaces where gases are exchanged between air and blood.
Kidneys
Gills
Lungs
Livers
Your Answer: Lungs
Correct Answer: Lungs
Points: 1

An oxygen-binding protein in muscle that releases oxygen when demand is high and the partial pressure of oxygen is low.
Red blood cells
Hemoglobin
Hematocrit
Myoglobin
Your Answer: Hemoglobin
Correct Answer: Myoglobin
Points: 1

"Red" muscle fiber used for endurance activites; metabolism is oxidative/aerobic and fibers contain lots of mitochondria, capillaries, and myoglobin.
Medium twitch muscle fibers
Fast twitch muscle fibers
Skeletal muscle fibers
Slow twitch muscle fibers
Your Answer: Fast twitch muscle fibers
Correct Answer: Slow twitch muscle fibers
Points: 1

Referring to the chest or thorax
Bronchi
Jurassic
Alveoli
Thoracic
Your Answer: Thoracic
Correct Answer: Thoracic
Points: 1

A structure in the respiratory system that conducts air to the lungs. Also called windpipe.
Alveoli
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Trachea
Your Answer: Trachea
Correct Answer: Trachea
Points: 1

Why do cells require oxygen gas?
Cells need oxygen in order to convert sugar into ATP energy.
Cells need oxygen to make glucose.
Cells need to inhale and exhale.
Cells need oxygen in order to have something to trade for carbon dioxide.
Your Answer: Cells need oxygen in order to convert sugar into ATP energy.
Correct Answer: Cells need oxygen in order to convert sugar into ATP energy.
Points: 1

Human fetuses are generally not starved for oxygen while they are developing in their mother�s womb, even though they must obtain their oxygen from their mother�s blood stream. From the following, select the best explanation.
Human fetuses use a form of hemoglobin with a higher binding affinity for oxygen than their mother�s hemoglobin.
Human fetuses use myoglobin, which has a higher binding affinity for oxygen than their mother�s hemoglobin.
Human fetuses have more hemoglobin in their blood than do their mothers allowing them to extract enough oxygen.
Human fetuses require much less oxygen during development than their mothers.
Your Answer: Human fetuses use a form of hemoglobin with a higher binding affinity for oxygen than their mother�s hemoglobin.
Correct Answer: Human fetuses use a form of hemoglobin with a higher binding affinity for oxygen than their mother�s hemoglobin.
Points: 1

Llama hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen. This is because:
llamas evolved under conditions where the oxygen concentration (pO2) of the air is lower.
llamas live in higher elevations where it is colder; they therefore use more oxygen in keeping warm.
llamas breath less frequently than other animals, requiring greater oxygen binding per breath.
llamas have lower amounts of myoglobin; they need higher-affinity hemoglobin.
Your Answer: llamas evolved under conditions where the oxygen concentration (pO2) of the air is lower.
Correct Answer: llamas evolved under conditions where the oxygen concentration (pO2) of the air is lower.
Points: 1

Which of the following is the correct pathway air takes during a human inhalation?
bronchioles; bronchi; trachea; alveoli
trachea; bronchi; bronchioles; alveoli
bronchi; bronchioles; trachea; alveoli
trachea; bronchi; alveoli; bronchioles
Your Answer: trachea; bronchi; bronchioles; alveoli
Correct Answer: trachea; bronchi; bronchioles; alveoli
Points: 1

The driving force behind the movement of gas in and out of the blood is:
active transport.
partial pressure of the gas.
the binding affinity of hemoglobin.
the binding affinity of myoglobin.
Your Answer: partial pressure of the gas.
Correct Answer: partial pressure of the gas.
Points: 1

Chickens breast muscles are light in color. Chicken breast meat is mostly "white meat." This means that:
chicken breast muscle has more myoglobin than hemoglobin.
chicken breast muscle contains hardly any myoglobin.
chickens can hold their breath longer than other birds.
chicken breast muscle is capable of storing large amounts of oxygen.
Your Answer: chicken breast muscle has more myoglobin than hemoglobin.
Correct Answer: chicken breast muscle contains hardly any myoglobin.

Reactions that build tissues
Anabolic reactions
Catabolic reactions
Hyperbolic reactions
Cellular respiration
Your Answer: Catabolic reactions
Correct Answer: Anabolic reactions
Points: 1

The amount of energy expended by a living organism at rest in a neutral temperature environment.
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Anabolic reaction
Glycolysis
Digestion
Your Answer: Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Correct Answer: Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Points: 1

A complex carbohydrate, indigestible by humans, that serves as the structural material for a huge variety of plant structures; in food, we commonly call this fiber.
Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen
Protein
Your Answer: Cellulose
Correct Answer: Cellulose
Points: 1

The physical and chemical breakdown of food into its fundamental macromolecular components for absorption or elimination. This is the third step in the digestive process.
Absorption
Ingestion
Digestion
Elimination
Your Answer: Digestion
Correct Answer: Digestion
Points: 1

The third step of cellular respiration, in which high-energy electrons are passed from molecule to molecule, at every step releasing energy that is used to make ATP.
Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain
Catabolic reaction
Your Answer: Electron transport chain
Correct Answer: Electron transport chain
Points: 1

The passageway from the throat to the stomach through which food travels.
Small intestine
Trachea
Esophagus
Gall bladder
Your Answer: Esophagus
Correct Answer: Esophagus
Points: 1

An amino acid that is not made by the body and so must be consumed in food.
Monosaccharide
Fatty acid
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Essential amino acid
Your Answer: Essential amino acid
Correct Answer: Essential amino acid
Points: 1

Small, sac-like organ that stores the bile that is made in the liver
Small intestine
Pancreas
Stomach
Gall bladder
Your Answer: Gall bladder
Correct Answer: Gall bladder
Points: 1

A complex carbohydrate consisting of stored glucose molecules linked to form a large web, which breaks down to release glucose when it is needed for energy. This is the storage form of carbohydrates in animals.
Protein
Glycolysis
Insulin
Glycogen
Your Answer: Glycogen
Correct Answer: Glycogen
Points: 1

The intake of food via the mouth, teeth, tongue, and esophagus. The first step in the digestive process.
Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Elimination
Your Answer: Ingestion
Correct Answer: Ingestion
Points: 1

The last part of the vertebrate digestive system, larger in diameter but shorter in length than the small intestine. It serves to absorb water, salts, and some vitamins and, in its final compartment (the rectum), to store the indigestible parts of consumed food and symbiotic bacteria (the feces), which can then be defecated. Also called colon.
Large intestine
Stomach
Esophagus
Liver
Your Answer: Large intestine
Correct Answer: Large intestine
Points: 1

One of four types of macromolecules, these are insoluble in water and greasy to the touch; they are important in energy storage and insulation (fats), membrane formation (phospholipids), and regulating growth and regulating growth and development (sterols).
Lipids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Nucleic acids
Your Answer: Lipids
Correct Answer: Lipids
Points: 1

An organ in vertebrates and some other animals that is important in the detoxification of toxic molecules, storage of glycogen, and synthesis of bile, hormones, and digestive enzymes.
Liver
Stomach
Pancreas
Gall bladder
Your Answer: Gall bladder
Correct Answer: Liver
Points: 1

A chemical element other than those commonly found in organic molecules (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen); some of these are required in the diet in small amounts (e.g., calcium, iron, and potassium).
Vitamin
Mineral
Protein
Amino acid
Your Answer: Mineral
Correct Answer: Mineral
Points: 1

A substance used for energy, raw materials, and maintenance of the body's systems.
Cellulose
Nutrient
Bile
Pyruvate
Your Answer: Nutrient
Correct Answer: Nutrient
Points: 1

An organ that secretes digestive juice into the small intestine and hormones into the blood.
Gall blader
Pancreas
Liver
Stomach
Your Answer: Pancreas
Correct Answer: Pancreas
Points: 1

One of the four types of biological macromolecules; constructed of unique combinations of 20 amino acids that result in unique structures and chemical behavior, these are the chief building blocks of tissues in most organisms.
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Your Answer: Proteins
Correct Answer: Proteins
Points: 1

The end product of glycolysis.
Glucose
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Pyruvate
Polysaccharide
Your Answer: Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Correct Answer: Pyruvate
Points: 1

Monosaccharide carbohydrates, generally containing three to seven carbon atoms, which store energy in their chemical bonds and which biological cells can break down; cannot be broken down into other monosaccharides; include glucose, fructose, and galactose.
Complex sugars
Polysaccharides
Simple sugars
Lipids
Your Answer: Simple sugars
Correct Answer: Simple sugars
Points: 1

A ring of muscle that opens or closes a passage between two chambers in the body, such as between the esophagus and the stomach.
Stomach
Villi
Pancreas
Sphincter
Your Answer: Sphincter
Correct Answer: Sphincter
Points: 1

Projections in the intestines that increase its surface area
Flagella
Sphincters
Cilia
Villi
Your Answer: Villi
Correct Answer: Villi
Points: 1

Which of the following could cause a situation where a human body has too little sodium to function properly, causing dizziness, nausea, and confusion?
overconsumption of water
becoming dehydrated
hypothermia (below normal body temperature)
urinating too frequently
Your Answer: becoming dehydrated
Correct Answer: overconsumption of water
Points: 1

For vegetarians, what does "balancing complementary proteins" mean?
It means ingesting plant proteins (which individually lack some of the essential amino acids) in combination, in order to get all the essential amino acids in one meal.
Vegetarians must be willing to eat protein from some animal sources (like eggs and milk) in order to get enough protein in their diets.
Vegetarians need to eat about as many calories of protein as they do carbohydrates and lipids.
Plant proteins are less stable than animal proteins so vegetarians need to prepare and eat protein-containing plant food immediately after preparation.
Your Answer: It means ingesting plant proteins (which individually lack some of the essential amino acids) in combination, in order to get all the essential amino acids in one meal.
Correct Answer: It means ingesting plant proteins (which individually lack some of the essential amino acids) in combination, in order to get all the essential amino acids in one meal.
Points: 1

In which digestive phase do energy-rich molecules actually enter the bloodstream and tissues of the body?
absorption phase
elimination phase
ingestive phase
digestive phase
Your Answer: absorption phase
Correct Answer: absorption phase
Points: 1

The liver contributes to digestive function. Which substance in the diet is broken down using a digestive aid made in the liver?
fats
complex carbohydrates
simple sugars
proteins
Your Answer: fats
Correct Answer: fats

Points: 1

A gland that sits on top of each kidney. The medulla produces catecholamines such as epinephrine, and the cortex produces the steroid hormones cortisol and aldosterone in addition to other steroids such as testosterone, progesterone, estrogens
Adrenal gland
Thyroid gland
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Your Answer: Adrenal gland
Correct Answer: Adrenal gland
Points: 1

A signal that influences the same cell that released it
Autocrine signal
Paracrine signal
Endocrine signal
Agonist
Your Answer: Autocrine signal
Correct Answer: Autocrine signal
Points: 1

A structure that develops from a follicle after ovulation; it secretes hormones to maintain pregnancy.
Corpus luteum
Fallopian tube
Oviduct
Gamete
Your Answer: Oviduct
Correct Answer: Corpus luteum
Points: 1

Released from neurons in the hypothalamus as the first step in the stress axis; travels to receptors in the anterior pituitary gland.
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
Cortisol
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Your Answer: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Correct Answer: Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
Points: 1

A signal that travels through the blood before reaching its target
Paracrine signal
Endocrine signal
Autocrine signal
Receptor
Your Answer: Endocrine signal
Correct Answer: Endocrine signal
Points: 1

Developmental stage in humans, from the end of the embryonic period, approximately eight weeks after fertilization, until birth.
Infant
Fetus
Neonatal
Embryo
Your Answer: Fetus
Correct Answer: Fetus
Points: 1

In an ovary, the small structure in which an egg forms.
Fallopian tube
Follicle
Placenta
Corpus luteum
Your Answer: Follicle
Correct Answer: Follicle
Points: 1

A gonadotropin hormone that stimulates the production of eggs.
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Progesterone
Testosterone
Your Answer: Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Correct Answer: Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Points: 1

Receptors that bind with the stress hormone cortisol.
Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
Cortisol
Glucocorticoid receptors
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Your Answer: Glucocorticoid receptors
Correct Answer: Glucocorticoid receptors
Points: 1

A chemical signal that responds to environmental variables, found in both plants and animals. In animals, these are usually secreted by endocrine glands and are transported by the bloodstream to target cells as part of an internal communication and regulation system.
Nutrient
Action potential
Hormone
Receptor
Your Answer: Hormone
Correct Answer: Hormone
Points: 1

A hormone secreted by the embryo that keeps the lining of the uterus thickened for implantation. This is the hormone detected by the early pregnancy test.
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Cortisol
Your Answer: Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Correct Answer: Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Points: 1

During childbirth, a series of contractions of the uterus.
Peristalsis
Lactation
Labor
Ovulation
Your Answer: Labor
Correct Answer: Labor
Points: 1

The permanent cessation of ovulation menstruation, prior to the end of an individual's life.
Corpus luteum
Luteal phase
Follicular phase
Menopause
Your Answer: Menopause
Correct Answer: Menopause
Points: 1

The cycle in which the uterus prepares for the implantation and nurturing of a fertilized egg, and sheds its lining if fertilization does not occur.
Labor
Ovarian cycle
Contraception
Menstrual cycle
Your Answer: Menstrual cycle
Correct Answer: Menstrual cycle
Points: 1

Embryonic precursor to the female internal reproductive structures
Uterus
Wolffian duct system
Oviduct
Mullerian duct system
Your Answer: Wolffian duct system
Correct Answer: Mullerian duct system
Points: 1

A hormone also known as the "cuddle chemical"; can increase trusting behavior, begin contractions during labor and delivery, and regulate lactation in nursing mothers.
Progesterone
Insulin
Cortisol
Oxytocin
Your Answer: Oxytocin
Correct Answer: Oxytocin
Points: 1

A gland of the endocrine system; releases several important peptide hormones - including oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone - that are produced in neurons of the hypothalamus.
Posterior pituitary
Anterior pituitary
Adrenal
Thyroid
Your Answer: Anterior pituitary
Correct Answer: Posterior pituitary
Points: 1

A hormone secreted by the corpus luteum of the ovary that causes thickening of the endometrium to prepare for gestation.
Progesterone
Estrogen
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Your Answer: Progesterone
Correct Answer: Progesterone
Points: 1

Allows cells to "hear" an autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine signal. If the signal is water soluble, the ______________ is a protein in the plasma membrane of the cell. If signal is fat soluble, the ______________ is found inside the cell.
Hormone
Receptor
Target cell
Autocrine signal
Your Answer: Receptor
Correct Answer: Receptor
Points: 1

Sequence of hormones that are released in response to stress (such as injury, illness, hunger, emotional distress, etc).
Ovarian cycle
Stress axis
Paracrine signal
Luteal phase
Your Answer: Luteal phase
Correct Answer: Stress axis
Points: 1

An endocrine gland, located in the neck in humans, that produces thyroxine, an iodine-containing hormone that influences growth and metabolism.
Hypothalamus
Adrenal gland
Thyroid gland
Posterior pituitary
Your Answer: Thyroid gland
Correct Answer: Thyroid gland
Points: 1

Embryonic precursor to the male internal reproductive structures
Prostate gland
Mullerian duct system
Wolffian duct system
Testis
Your Answer: Mullerian duct system
Correct Answer: Wolffian duct system
Points: 1

For a hormone to fulfill its function, it must be able to recognize and respond to a very select number of cells in the body. What is the appropriate name for the type of cell that binds a particular hormone?
final cell
effecting cell
end cell
target cell
Your Answer: target cell
Correct Answer: target cell
Points: 1

The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary by means of:
The hypothalamus does not control the anterior pituitary.
pheromones.
antibodies.
releasing hormones.
Your Answer: releasing hormones.
Correct Answer: releasing hormones.
Points: 1

Which of the following is probably the earliest step in initiating labor and delivery?
CRH from the fetal hypothalamus binds with receptors in the maternal anterior pituitary.
CRH from the maternal anterior pituitary binds with receptors in the fetal hypothalamus.
Cortisol binds with glucocorticoid receptors in the fetal lungs
ACTH binds with receptors in the maternal adrenal cortices.
Your Answer: CRH from the fetal hypothalamus binds with receptors in the maternal anterior pituitary.
Correct Answer: CRH from the fetal hypothalamus binds with receptors in the maternal anterior pituitary.

Points: 1

A group of neurons bundled together with connective tissue.
Dendrite
Synapse
Neurotransmitter
Nerve
Your Answer: Nerve
Correct Answer: Nerve
Points: 1

Waves of smooch muscle contractions that propel food along the digestive tract.
Peristalsis
Slow twitch
Fast twitch
Active transport
Your Answer: Peristalsis
Correct Answer: Peristalsis
Points: 1

When action potentials spread through a muscle fiber and causes a minimum unit of contraction, this is called a:
spasm.
pulse.
flex.
twitch.
Your Answer: twitch.
Correct Answer: twitch.
Points: 1

Smaller blood vessels that branch from arteries.
Arteriole
Veins
Platelets
Atria
Your Answer: Arteriole
Correct Answer: Arteriole
Points: 1

A cell that can generate action potentials on its own.
Autorhythmic (or pacemaker) cell
Endothelial cell
Hemolymph
Capillary
Your Answer: Autorhythmic (or pacemaker) cell
Correct Answer: Autorhythmic (or pacemaker) cell
Points: 1

A type of sensory neuron that monitors blood pressure.
Baroreceptor
Endothelial cell
Sympathetic neuron
Parasympathetic neuron
Your Answer: Baroreceptor
Correct Answer: Baroreceptor
Points: 1

A circulatory system in which a single fluid, hemolymph, circulates to transport nutrients, gases, and waste products and also surrounds all cells.
Systemic circuit
Closed circulatory system
Diffusion
Open circulatory system
Your Answer: Open circulatory system
Correct Answer: Open circulatory system
Points: 1

The first blood pressure reading; a measure of the pressure when the heart contracts, pumping blood into the arteries.
Systolic pressure
Diastolic pressure
Systemic circuit
Pulmonary circuit
Your Answer: Systolic pressure
Correct Answer: Systolic pressure
Points: 1

Blood cells that defend against pathogens; the primary components of the immune response system. Also called leukocytes.
Red blood cells
White blood cell
Platelets
Plasmas
Your Answer: White blood cell
Correct Answer: White blood cell
Points: 1

Deoxygenated blood enters the heart through what vessels?
carotid
aorta
vena cavae
pulmonary vein
Your Answer: vena cavae
Correct Answer: vena cavae
Points: 1

What is the driving force that pushes blood through the veins on the way back to the heart?
contraction of the heart atria
contraction of the heart ventricles
contraction of skeletal muscles
expansion of the lungs
Your Answer: contraction of skeletal muscles
Correct Answer: contraction of skeletal muscles
Points: 1

Small branches of the airway originating from the bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Trachea
Capillaries
Your Answer: Bronchioles
Correct Answer: Bronchioles
Points: 1

Passive transport in which a particle (the solute) is dissolved in a gas or liquid (the solvent) and moves from an area of higher solute concentration to an area of lower solute concentration. This is how oxygen enters and carbon dioxide exits the bloodstream.
Expiration
Diffusion
Inspiration
Hypoxia
Your Answer: Diffusion
Correct Answer: Diffusion
Points: 1

A hormone that controls the production of red blood cells.
Erythrocyte
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Hematocrit
Myoglobin
Your Answer: Erythropoietin (EPO)
Correct Answer: Erythropoietin (EPO)
Points: 1

Which of the following statements is NOT true about the diving adaptations of marine mammals like the Weddell seal?
Seals increase their blood pressure when they dive.
The heartbeat of a seal slows during a dive.
The cellular metabolism of seals slows when they dive.
Blood flow during a dive is routed only to necessary body parts, like the brain.
Your Answer: Seals increase their blood pressure when they dive.
Correct Answer: Seals increase their blood pressure when they dive.
Points: 1

The two primary gases involved in gas exchange are:
O2 and N2.
O2 and CO2.
CO2 and CO.
O2 and HCO3-.
Your Answer: O2 and CO2.
Correct Answer: O2 and CO2.
Points: 1

Enzyme that digests starch to sugar; secreted in the mouth as part of saliva to initiate digestion.
Amylase
Pepsin
Protease
Insulin
Your Answer: Amylase
Correct Answer: Amylase
Points: 1

A molecule that temporarily stores energy for cellular activity in all living organisms; it is composed of a sugar molecule and a chain of three negatively charged phosphate groups.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Coenzyme
Amino acid
Polysaccharide
Your Answer: Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Correct Answer: Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Points: 1

A juice that aids in the breakdown of fats; it is produced by the liver, sent to the gall bladder, and passed through a small duct into the small intestine, where it initiates the first step in fat digestion.
Bile
Fatty acid
Glycogen
Protease
Your Answer: Bile
Correct Answer: Bile
Points: 1

Acid released into the stomach to begin chemical digestion; this acid denatures the proteins found in food.
Bile
Fatty acid
Amino acid
Hydrochloric acid
Your Answer: Hydrochloric acid
Correct Answer: Hydrochloric acid
Points: 1

Animals that eat both plants and other animals and thus can occupy more than one position in the food chain.
Carnivores
Omnivores
Herbivores
Autotrophs
Your Answer: Omnivores
Correct Answer: Omnivores
Points: 1

A protein-dismantling enzyme produced by cells in the stomach lining.
Amylase
Pepsin
Insulin
Bile
Your Answer: Pepsin
Correct Answer: Pepsin
Points: 1

This is considered an essential nutrient; it transports nutrients and waste materials throughout the body, takes part in chemical reactions, serves as a solvent for other nutrients, lubricates joints, and helps regulate body temperature.
Protein
Blood
Lipid
Water
Your Answer: Lipid
Correct Answer: Water
Points: 1

A protein hormone that reduces levels of sugar in the blood
Oxytocin
Cortisol
Insulin
Estrogen
Your Answer: Insulin
Correct Answer: Insulin
Points: 1

During childbirth, a series of contractions of the uterus.
Peristalsis
Lactation
Labor
Ovulation
Your Answer: Labor
Correct Answer: Labor
Points: 1

The female gonad.
Gamete
Testis
Egg cell
Ovary
Your Answer: Ovary
Correct Answer: Ovary
Points: 1

A water soluble hormone that binds to a receptor on the target cell surface. Examples include insulin and oxytocin.
Peptide hormone
Steroid hormone
Testosterone
Lipid hormone
Your Answer: Steroid hormone
Correct Answer: Peptide hormone
Points: 1

A hormone secreted by the corpus luteum of the ovary that causes thickening of the endometrium to prepare for gestation.
Progesterone
Estrogen
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Your Answer: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Correct Answer: Progesterone
Points: 1

The male gonad.
Ovary
Testis
Wolffian duct system
Mullerian duct system
Your Answer: Testis
Correct Answer: Testis
Points: 1

The principal male sex hormone; influences development of an embryo as male and the production of male secondary sex characteristics.
Progesterone
Estrogen
Testosterone
Adrenaline
Your Answer: Testosterone
Correct Answer: Testosterone
Points: 1